{"id":62214,"date":"2025-03-12T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/?p=62214"},"modified":"2025-04-16T20:16:34","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T18:16:34","slug":"compagnies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/2025\/03\/12\/compagnies\/","title":{"rendered":"Compagnies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Assiste-t-on, depuis une bonne d\u00e9cennie, \u00e0 la fin de ce qu\u2019Arnaud Orain<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_62214_1('footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_62214_1('footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_62214_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Arnaud Orain,&nbsp;<em>Le monde confisqu\u00e9. Essai sur le capitalisme de la finitude,&nbsp;<\/em><br><a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">Paris, Flammarion, 2024.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_62214_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/a> appelle le cycle n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9ral&nbsp;? <br>La menace, avant son ex\u00e9cution, de l\u2019accroissement des taxes douani\u00e8res, brandie d\u00e8s son retour au pouvoir par Trump, l\u2019impr\u00e9visible agit\u00e9, la revendication affich\u00e9e du protectionnisme, l\u2019affaiblissement des organisations mondiales du commerce, entre autres, remettent en cause le mod\u00e8le et sa marche forc\u00e9e vers une mondialisation \u00e0 tout crin. On pourrait \u00e9ventuellement s\u2019en r\u00e9jouir si le syst\u00e8me capitaliste le plus pr\u00e9dateur s\u2019affaiblissait et surtout si n\u2019\u00e9mergeaient pas des oligopoles priv\u00e9s extr\u00eamement puissants qui prennent \u00ab&nbsp;des dimensions \u00e0 la fois marchandes et souveraines&nbsp;\u00bb. Les GAFAM am\u00e9ricains (Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft) ou les BATX chinois (Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, Xiaomi) en sont les meilleures illustrations rappelant l\u2019action conqu\u00e9rante et pr\u00e9datrice des grandes compagnies commerciales europ\u00e9ennes du d\u00e9but du XVII<sup>e<\/sup> au milieu du XIX<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=720%2C540&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62215 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 720px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 720\/540;width:658px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=768%2C576&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=16%2C12&amp;ssl=1 16w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=640%2C480&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=450%2C338&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=1067%2C800&amp;ssl=1 1067w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=1360%2C1020&amp;ssl=1 1360w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=800%2C600&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?resize=1320%2C990&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?w=1500&amp;ssl=1 1500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Les_10_entreprises_ayant_les_plus_grandes_capitalisations_boursieres.png?w=1440&amp;ssl=1 1440w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Place des GAFAM parmi les plus grosses entreprises par capitalisation boursi\u00e8re  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:44px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"599\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kredietbrief_van_de_VOC_ter_waarde_van_20_rijksdaalders_TMnr_866-22.jpg?resize=480%2C599&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62218 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 480px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 480\/599;width:363px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kredietbrief_van_de_VOC_ter_waarde_van_20_rijksdaalders_TMnr_866-22.jpg?w=480&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kredietbrief_van_de_VOC_ter_waarde_van_20_rijksdaalders_TMnr_866-22.jpg?resize=240%2C300&amp;ssl=1 240w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kredietbrief_van_de_VOC_ter_waarde_van_20_rijksdaalders_TMnr_866-22.jpg?resize=10%2C12&amp;ssl=1 10w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/480px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Kredietbrief_van_de_VOC_ter_waarde_van_20_rijksdaalders_TMnr_866-22.jpg?resize=450%2C562&amp;ssl=1 450w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Billets \u00e9mis par la VOC pour diverses valeurs (ici, 20 <em>daalders<\/em>, 1784), avec mentions en arabe. Mus\u00e9e du Monde, Amsterdam<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Celles-ci \u00e9taient des associations de marchands charg\u00e9es par les \u00c9tats d\u2019Europe occidentale d\u2019assurer les \u00e9changes avec les colonies et leur mise en valeur. Limit\u00e9es dans le temps au XVI<sup>e<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, pour la dur\u00e9e d\u2019une exp\u00e9dition par exemple, elles devinrent des organismes permanents au si\u00e8cle suivant. M\u00eame si leur organisation financi\u00e8re pouvait varier d\u2019un pays \u00e0 un autre (en France, c\u2019est le roi qui est le principal actionnaire de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales alors qu\u2019en Angleterre, l\u2019apport des capitaux se fait par souscription), le statut de ces associations est assez proche en m\u00ealant int\u00e9r\u00eats public et priv\u00e9. La puissance politique accordait une charte \u00e0 ces compagnies qui leur permettait de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de privil\u00e8ges et d\u2019un monopole.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:12px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019instar de la V.O.C. (<em>Verrenigde Oost Indissche Compagnie<\/em>), cr\u00e9\u00e9e aux Provinces-Unies en 1602, elles avaient la possibilit\u00e9 de battre monnaie, de disposer d\u2019un pavillon, d\u2019entretenir des troupes et de rendre la justice. Certaines, en raison de la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de poss\u00e9der une flotte importante, poss\u00e9daient leurs propres chantiers navals comme la Compagnie des Indes fran\u00e7aises \u00e0 Lorient, ville cr\u00e9\u00e9e pour elle et devenue son entrep\u00f4t et son port d\u2019attache.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"643\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=720%2C643&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62226 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 720px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 720\/643;width:495px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?w=806&amp;ssl=1 806w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=300%2C268&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=768%2C686&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=13%2C12&amp;ssl=1 13w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=640%2C572&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=450%2C402&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/806px-Le_soleil_dorient-maquette-du-musee-de-la-Compagnie-des-Indes-a-Port-Louis-Mme-de-Keravel.jpg?resize=800%2C715&amp;ssl=1 800w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Le Soleil d&rsquo;Orient, maquette du Mus\u00e9e de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales \u00e0 Port-Louis (56), <br>Mme de Keravel, Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:42px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Les r\u00e8gles de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019Exclusif\u00a0\u00bb<span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_62214_1('footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_62214_1('footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_62214_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L\u2019Exclusif\u00a0:\u00a0<em>Le principe de l&rsquo;Exclusif est le r\u00e9gime sous lequel \u00e9taient plac\u00e9s <\/em><br><em>tous les \u00e9changes commerciaux entre les colonies et la France <\/em><br><em>aux XVII\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0et XVIII\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cles.<\/em><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_62214_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> dont b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaient aussi les compagnies r\u00e9gissaient les relations commerciales avec les colonies de chacun des \u00c9tats. Seuls ses produits avaient acc\u00e8s \u00e0 son march\u00e9 colonial, les marchandises \u00e9trang\u00e8res s\u2019en trouvant exclues. En retour, les ressources coloniales alimentaient en priorit\u00e9 la m\u00e9tropole et leur transport \u00e9tait uniquement assur\u00e9 par ses b\u00e2timents nationaux. Le syst\u00e8me s\u2019accompagnait de mesures douani\u00e8res et fiscales protectionnistes. Mais si tout n\u00e9gociant r\u00e9gnicole pouvait b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de l\u2019Exclusif, les compagnies jouissaient de ces fonctions r\u00e9galiennes dont s\u2019\u00e9taient dessaisis les \u00c9tats qui avaient pour but de favoriser l\u2019expansion coloniale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"539\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=720%2C539&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62216 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 720px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 720\/539;width:482px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=1024%2C767&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=300%2C225&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=768%2C575&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=1536%2C1150&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=16%2C12&amp;ssl=1 16w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=640%2C479&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=450%2C337&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=1069%2C800&amp;ssl=1 1069w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=1360%2C1018&amp;ssl=1 1360w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=800%2C599&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?resize=1320%2C988&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?w=1933&amp;ssl=1 1933w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Hongs_at_Canton.jpg?w=1440&amp;ssl=1 1440w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Les treize factories de Canton, gouache 1820, anonyme<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Les meilleures illustrations sont fournies par la politique de la V.O.C. en Indon\u00e9sie ou par celle de l\u2019<em>East India Compagny<\/em> (E.I.C.) anglaise, dont l\u2019organisation et la long\u00e9vit\u00e9 (1600-1858) ont jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le essentiel dans la colonisation du sous-continent indien. Associant int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux, avec le trafic des \u00e9pices, du coton, de la soie ou de l\u2019indigo, et contr\u00f4le des territoires indig\u00e8nes, l\u2019E.I.C. fonda des <strong>comptoirs <\/strong>ou<strong> <em>factories <\/em><\/strong>parfois bien au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019Inde (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 Singapour ou Hong-Kong ), pr\u00e9sida \u00e0 l\u2019expansion de l\u2019empire britannique et, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9viction des Fran\u00e7ais apr\u00e8s la guerre de Sept ans (1756-1763), multiplia les alliances avec les maharadjas hindous et les nawabs musulmans. Mais ce, toujours au profit de la Compagnie qui sut aussi jouer des rivalit\u00e9s entre les diff\u00e9rentes principaut\u00e9s afin d\u2019exploiter les richesses locales au maximum et asservir les populations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"561\" data-src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=720%2C561&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-62217 lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 720px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 720\/561;width:544px;height:auto\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=1024%2C798&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=300%2C234&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=768%2C598&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=1536%2C1197&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=2048%2C1596&amp;ssl=1 2048w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=15%2C12&amp;ssl=1 15w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=640%2C499&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=450%2C351&amp;ssl=1 450w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=1027%2C800&amp;ssl=1 1027w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=2000%2C1558&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=1360%2C1060&amp;ssl=1 1360w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=800%2C623&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?resize=1320%2C1029&amp;ssl=1 1320w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?w=1440&amp;ssl=1 1440w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg?w=2160&amp;ssl=1 2160w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Francis Hayman, <em>Lord Clive rencontre Mir Jafar apr\u00e8s la bataille de Plassey<\/em>, <br>1762, National Portrait Gallery, Londres<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:39px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e9ritable \u00e9tat dans l\u2019\u00c9tat, la V.O.C. comme l\u2019E.I.C. durent faire pourtant face \u00e0 des crises \u00e9conomiques et politiques (comme la premi\u00e8re guerre de l\u2019Opium, 1839-1842), avant de se voir d\u00e9poss\u00e9d\u00e9es peu \u00e0 peu de leur monopole (en 1833 celui du th\u00e9 par exemple pour l\u2019E.I.C.) par un \u00e9tat souverain qui entendait recouvrer ses droits, restreindre les privil\u00e8ges de ces entit\u00e9s particuli\u00e8res au nom du lib\u00e9ralisme et assurer directement l\u2019administration de leurs colonies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les r\u00e9actions des \u00c9tats face \u00e0 ces syst\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques priv\u00e9s furent donc longues \u00e0 venir. Mais nous vivons aujourd\u2019hui une p\u00e9riode o\u00f9 l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration du temps, la rapide et chaotique conjoncture, la fragilit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s, voire la versatilit\u00e9 politique permettront peut-\u00eatre, sinon de supprimer, du moins de limiter la volont\u00e9 de puissance de ces nouvelles compagnies-\u00c9tats o\u00f9 dominent sans vergogne la m\u00e9galomanie de quelques-uns, les conflits d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, le m\u00e9pris de l\u2019environnement ou la comp\u00e9tition sauvage et, \u00e0 terme, le contr\u00f4le des consciences. Elles qui n\u2019en n\u2019ont pas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"cats\"><span class=\"cats__title\">Categories<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/category\/a-la-une\/\" rel=\"category tag\">\u00c0 la Une<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/category\/chroniques\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Chroniques<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/category\/chroniques\/le-passe-a-encore-de-lavenir\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Le pass\u00e9 a encore de l\u2019avenir<\/a><\/div><div class=\"tags\"><div class=\"tags__title\">Tags<\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/arnaud-orain\/\" rel=\"tag\">Arnaud Orain<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/batx\/\" rel=\"tag\">BATX<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/billetchroniques\/\" rel=\"tag\">billet&amp;chroniques<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/compagnie-des-indes-orientales\/\" rel=\"tag\">Compagnie des Indes orientales<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/east-india-company-e-i-c\/\" rel=\"tag\">East India Company E.I.C.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/exclusif\/\" rel=\"tag\">Exclusif<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/gafam\/\" rel=\"tag\">GAFAM<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/hong-kong\/\" rel=\"tag\">hong-Kong<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/opium\/\" rel=\"tag\">Opium<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/singapour\/\" rel=\"tag\">Singapour<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/trump\/\" rel=\"tag\">Trump<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/tag\/v-o-c\/\" rel=\"tag\">V.O.C.<\/a><\/div><div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_62214_1();\">Notes<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_62214_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_62214_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_62214_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Notes<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_62214_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Arnaud Orain,&nbsp;<em>Le monde confisqu\u00e9. Essai sur le capitalisme de la finitude,&nbsp;<\/em><br><a href=\"#_ftn1\" id=\"_ftnref1\">Paris, Flammarion, 2024.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_62214_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_62214_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_62214_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L\u2019Exclusif\u00a0:\u00a0<em>Le principe de l&rsquo;Exclusif est le r\u00e9gime sous lequel \u00e9taient plac\u00e9s <\/em><br><em>tous les \u00e9changes commerciaux entre les colonies et la France <\/em><br><em>aux XVII\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0et XVIII\u00a0<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cles.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_62214_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_62214_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_62214_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_62214_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_62214_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_62214_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_62214_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_62214_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_62214_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_62214_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_62214_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_62214_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_62214_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_62214_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c0 partir de l&rsquo;\u00e9mergence d&rsquo;oligopoles priv\u00e9s extr\u00eamement puissants et du retour au pouvoir de \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;impr\u00e9visible agit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb qui ne pr\u00eache que le protectionnisme, Alain Cabantous \u00e9voque, dans sa chronique, l&rsquo;action conqu\u00e9rante et pr\u00e9datrice de grandes compagnies commerciales europ\u00e9ennes du XVIIe au milieu du XIXe si\u00e8cle.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":62219,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ghostkit_customizer_options":"","ghostkit_custom_css":"","ghostkit_custom_js_head":"","ghostkit_custom_js_foot":"","ghostkit_typography":"","spt_transcript":"","advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"D\u00e9part des voiliers de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, par Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom, c. 1600-1630, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43,228,227],"tags":[4614,4608,262,4609,4610,4611,4612,4613,4615,4616,4617,4618],"class_list":["post-62214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-la-une","category-chroniques","category-le-passe-a-encore-de-lavenir","tag-arnaud-orain","tag-batx","tag-billetchroniques","tag-compagnie-des-indes-orientales","tag-east-india-company-e-i-c","tag-exclusif","tag-gafam","tag-hong-kong","tag-opium","tag-singapour","tag-trump","tag-v-o-c"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Een_aantal_Oostindievaarders_voor_de_kust_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3108-scaled.jpg?fit=2560%2C1324&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62214"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":62763,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62214\/revisions\/62763"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62214"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62214"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/saintmerry-hors-les-murs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}